Friday 17 April 2015
Critical Investigation Final
‘’It took one second for him to ruin my life
completely. I was sleeping and he just threw acid on me. My life was destroyed
in this room. And nobody was punished at all.’’[1]
''How does
the media raise awareness about women’s rights (and acid attack victims in
particular) in LEDCs through media texts such as the documentary 'Saving Face',
and what is the impact of this?''
The media are currently raising awareness about women rights and acid attack victims in less economically developed countries’’[2] (LEDCs). This is not always through news, but documentaries and films such as ‘Saving Face’, a film by Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy and Daniel Junge. The media has advanced in terms of new and digital technology, and the internet is aiding victims and to challenge the patriarchal society, such as in South Asia and Pakistan in specific. Web 2.0 has enabled females and victims to express their views in a variety of ways. To add to this, the development of the traditional documentary genre as shown in texts such as ‘Saving Face’, has led to a larger audience being targeted, with illiterate Urdu and Punjabi speaking victims interviewed, and presented with fluent English subtitles means that audiences from both the western and eastern world can comprehend and be aware of problems such as the acid violence.
There are many unfortunate incidents of acid attacks taking place in a number of ‘ ‘’80% of cases’’[3] of acid attack victims are females. Every year in Pakistan, majority being women – are known to be victimized by brutal acid attacks, numerous other cases go unreported. With little or no access to reconstructive surgery, survivors are physically and emotionally scarred for life. The short documentary film i.e. ‘a film made about real life’[4]: ‘Saving Face’ follows Mohammed Jawad – a London based reconstructive surgeon who returns to his homeland to help the victims restore their faces and lives. it ‘’examines the issue of acid violence in Pakistan against mainly females and the efforts of plastic surgeon Dr. Mohammad Jawad to improve the victims' lives’’[5].
‘Saving Face’, is a ‘’perfect representation
of the real’’ [6]
shows the victims of the acid attacks sharing their experience, of acid
attacks. They stated how the government is helping them, and to what extent are
they helped. Plastic surgeon Mohammad Jawad had flown over to his homeland - Pakistan, in order to help out and
provide surgery for the severe disfigurements of the hopeless victims. He also ‘’led the burns reconstruction surgery in
the much documented 'Katie Piper Story'’[7].
In ‘Saving Face’ Females are specifically victimized by acid in Pakistan because as stated by Judith Butler, "Sex is biological while gender is culturally constructed" [8] this analysis strongly applies in the Pakistani society, as females are ‘constructed’ to be inferior in the society, thus are easily made a vulnerable and easy target. These ideologies and representations have led to Pakistan being ‘’the world's second-worst country in terms of gender equality’’[9]. Acid violence is a form of ‘’gender-based violence and discrimination prohibited under international law’’, it’s the act of ‘’an acid attack involves the premeditated throwing of acid on a victim’’[10] – it’s justified as an act to ‘’keep women in their place’’[11].
In ‘Saving Face’ Females are specifically victimized by acid in Pakistan because as stated by Judith Butler, "Sex is biological while gender is culturally constructed" [8] this analysis strongly applies in the Pakistani society, as females are ‘constructed’ to be inferior in the society, thus are easily made a vulnerable and easy target. These ideologies and representations have led to Pakistan being ‘’the world's second-worst country in terms of gender equality’’[9]. Acid violence is a form of ‘’gender-based violence and discrimination prohibited under international law’’, it’s the act of ‘’an acid attack involves the premeditated throwing of acid on a victim’’[10] – it’s justified as an act to ‘’keep women in their place’’[11].
In Pakistan ''The acid phenomenon has been
growing, for the past decade, especially in parts of the country with high
levels of unemployment and low levels of literacy.''[12],
shows that ideologies of such crimes are based mainly due to lack of education,
money and a corrupted political system.
The media has now advanced to a great extent, allowing us as an audience to pick and choose our media texts, whether that’s according to the genre, or platform these texts are receive through. Not only this but user generated content is now being created by ‘’over 51% of current users of the internet, and is consumed by over 70% of the users’’ [13] this doesn’t mean control is in the hands of those who create or view this content. We are shown great sums of news; however what’s important is decided by the media institutions we consume it from for example, documentaries such as ‘Saving Face’ not getting as much mainstream journalism attention as other western TV shows such as Big Brother. Whatever we view or create is controlled and monitored by ‘’the elite’’ [14] and similarly to Pareto’s law: ‘’80% of Italy's land was owned by 20% of the population’’ [15] – media institutions and audiences function in a similar way as ‘232 media executives control the diet of 277million Americans’ this means that 1 media executive i.e. member of the ‘elite controls 850,000 subscribers’[16]. Another example of this is News Corporation owning ‘the top newspaper on three continents’[17] showing that American culture is being forced globally by the dominated media consumption.
In other words, media/institutions ‘’want to maintain
their power & control’’ i.e. have a hegemonic control (Karl Marx) over
audiences and the pleasures they receive. Not only this, but the audience are
manipulated by being ‘’injecting with appropriate messages designed to
trigger a desired response’’ [18]
as the hypodermic needle model
states. It is arguable that this is done
in order to meet the audience pleasures such Uses and Gratifications (Blumer
& Katz): ‘’diversion, surveillance, personal relationships and personal identity’’.[19] Either way, the media are ‘’highly
selective in the way in which they construct and represent the world back to
us”.[20]
News
journalism has a broadly agreed set of values, often referred to as
'newsworthiness'[21],
so why isn’t enough being done to help the women who will have to ‘wait hours
in the hospital waiting room’[22] in countries such as Bangladesh, often
‘regardless of third-degree burns’[23].
News Values (Galtung and Ruge)
are used in order to distinguish the difference between what is newsworthy, and
what’s not newsworthy.
Acid attacks in developing countries will not fit many of the news values, such as ‘’familiarity’’[24] as they are in developing countries i.e. the uncivilized east (Edward Said), news editors will see news related with such groups as unrelatable for those in the ‘’civilized west’’, this specifically relates to acid attacks in Pakistan, as victims are often an inferior group in society, or are commoners meaning they aren’t an ‘’elite’’[25] person, so according to the news values they won’t. Furthermore, as acid attacks are so frequent and there are ‘’at least 150 acid attacks’’[26] that are reported (and many more go unreported), the ‘’frequency’’ [27]of the attack, in the same place is something that won’t fit into the news values as acid attacks on females is such a common issue that it is no surprise. Also, due to the majority of news that’s being consumed being published by BBC, or other ‘free’ organisations such as The Guardian, it’s easier for them to publish news according to the news value ‘data’. This means they’ll publish the story that they have enough easily accessible data to back up the story with. The acid attacks in Pakistan, and that to from ‘’victims based in small villages such as Muzafarghar’’, will be costly to get large sums of data for, and this is not something news organisations that aren’t getting enough money will be willing to do, thus these news stories are likely to be avoided, and more convenient news, such as news stories with data from twitter posts is much easier, cheaper. News based on Asians is mainly shown when it fits the category of ‘’negativity’. Especially ’post-9/11’[28], where Asians (specifically Pakistani’s) have ‘’been targets of xenophobia and racial attacks’’[29], they are often associated with terrorism and ‘’shooting and killing’’[30] and very rarely shown to be pitied or achieving for example, in Big Brother where the media had recognised and empathized with Shilpa Shetty, for the ‘’racist remarks to and about […]’’ her ‘’in 2002 by another contestant Jade Goody’’.
Acid attacks in developing countries will not fit many of the news values, such as ‘’familiarity’’[24] as they are in developing countries i.e. the uncivilized east (Edward Said), news editors will see news related with such groups as unrelatable for those in the ‘’civilized west’’, this specifically relates to acid attacks in Pakistan, as victims are often an inferior group in society, or are commoners meaning they aren’t an ‘’elite’’[25] person, so according to the news values they won’t. Furthermore, as acid attacks are so frequent and there are ‘’at least 150 acid attacks’’[26] that are reported (and many more go unreported), the ‘’frequency’’ [27]of the attack, in the same place is something that won’t fit into the news values as acid attacks on females is such a common issue that it is no surprise. Also, due to the majority of news that’s being consumed being published by BBC, or other ‘free’ organisations such as The Guardian, it’s easier for them to publish news according to the news value ‘data’. This means they’ll publish the story that they have enough easily accessible data to back up the story with. The acid attacks in Pakistan, and that to from ‘’victims based in small villages such as Muzafarghar’’, will be costly to get large sums of data for, and this is not something news organisations that aren’t getting enough money will be willing to do, thus these news stories are likely to be avoided, and more convenient news, such as news stories with data from twitter posts is much easier, cheaper. News based on Asians is mainly shown when it fits the category of ‘’negativity’. Especially ’post-9/11’[28], where Asians (specifically Pakistani’s) have ‘’been targets of xenophobia and racial attacks’’[29], they are often associated with terrorism and ‘’shooting and killing’’[30] and very rarely shown to be pitied or achieving for example, in Big Brother where the media had recognised and empathized with Shilpa Shetty, for the ‘’racist remarks to and about […]’’ her ‘’in 2002 by another contestant Jade Goody’’.
‘Saving Face’ follows the documentary codes and conventions these ‘’convey meaning based on the agreed social and cultural experiences’’[31] of the audience/users. Voiceovers and ‘’exaggerated sounds’’ have been used throughout the documentary, as well as ‘’interviews’’ with experts and the subjects i.e. the female victims of domestic violence and acid attacks. The sound was traditional south Asian music, consisting of no lyrics, but instruments such as tabla. This sound used was non-diegetic, and it was added whilst the establishing shots were shown, such as the long-shots of Islamabad Burns Centre, and the nearby areas. There was a generally ‘slow pace of editing’, allowing the audience to build empathy for the victims. However, the culprits of the acid violence (victim’s husband) was shown in long-shots, and the questions he was asked were being able to be heard, in order for the audience to acknowledge the lies he has to tell and how much in denial he is. Also, subtitles were added in order to appeal to a mass audience, as the subjects spoke in Urdu, which is ‘’one of the official languages of Pakistan’’[32].
This documentary was ‘first broadcasted on HBO
in North America on March 8’,[33]
and was originally filmed
for those in the western society to ‘raise awareness about the acid-violence’[34]
and ‘was not meant to be shown in Pakistan’[35]
. A subject from the movie Rukhsana who had ‘’returned to and reconciled with her assailant’’
– her husband and in-laws, as she had ‘’no means of supporting
herself or her children otherwise.’’ [36]
After the documentary had been aired in Pakistan, ‘Rukhsana’ had paired with Acid Survivors Foundation (ASF) and filed a civil suit to ‘’stop airing the movie in Pakistan for the safety of victims.’’ This shows that although the victims had the courage to speak about their experiences, some such as Rukhsana are still afraid of the consequences this bravery will have. Although Rukhsana wants to be an ’independent woman’[37] she can’t be due to her ‘financial circumstances’[38]. Although this is the approach of a Pakistani victim from a small village on self-expression and justice - women in neighbor country India, in Bombay are ‘’making powerful rap videos’’[39] to openly express their views. The ‘’trending Twitter hashtag #rapagainstrape’’[40] had been created after the rap video by 2 girls was created and posted. After gaining ‘’32,000 views on YouTube in 1 day’’[41] the video soon went viral. The two girls, who named themselves the ‘’BomBaebs’’[42] had created this rap to and ‘’stand up against sexual predators and abusers’’[43]. The girls challenged the patriarchal society of India, which is similar to Pakistan and other South Asian countries, they used a ‘’strong call’’[44] to end the rap: ‘Gone are the times we stayed abused and broken’[45]. This shows the ‘Bombaebs’ are challenging the socially and traditionally constructed stereotypes of females being sexualised for the ‘male gaze’ [46] (Mulvey). They are using new and digital media, i.e. ‘Youtube/Twitter’ to gain attention, similarly to how ‘Laura bates’, founder of ‘Everyday Sexism’[47], which ’’is a collection of more than 80,000 women's daily experiences of gender inequality’’[48] set up online. This shows both the Eastern and Western world, are in a ‘’4th wave of feminism’’[49], as ‘new feminists are taking the struggle to the web’’[50]. Ultimately new and digital media is empowering females such as ‘Bombaebs’, victims in ‘Saving Face’ or those from ‘Everyday Feminism’ to be given equal rights and roles as males.
‘Mohammed Jawad’, who was equivalent to the ‘hero’ (Vladimir Prop’s character narrative theory)[51] to help the subjects was shown in a positive way, as he successfully managed to ‘’help repair the damage done to the victims’’[52]. This challenged the original representations of males that were created in this documentary as they were the culprits. A famous plastic surgeon playing a role in the documentary, aided the success of the documentary, and its ability to win the Oscars 2012. This documentary being able to win an Oscar, shows how the media is raising more awareness about issues such as acid attacks victims in LEDCs. However, the amount of awareness currently raised about this issue of acid attacks in specific does not have enough of an effect on the audience in the Western world, as issues aren’t reported as much as they should be, and audiences aren’t given enough of an opportunity to ‘’empathize with victims’’[53]. Increasing empathy will increase the viewership, thus raise more awareness amongst mass audiences, enabling them to aid victims by funding charities such as international charity Project SAAVE, which is in place to help those (male or female), undergone acid attacks. Poor quality news leads to the audience being blinded, from what’s actually happening in the world i.e. acid attacks and violence specifically against females in LEDC’s. Meaning audiences only view news on reality TV such as ‘Keeping Up with the Kardashians’[54], which is regarding celebrities i.e. part of the ‘elite’.
Acid violence impacts mainly ‘’women in southern Punjab and changes the lives of hundreds of women each year"[55], in Pakistan and over the world, in specifically less developed countries. Many women around the world are ‘’not even awarded basic human rights’’[56], it may be difficult to see why the media choose to show us only those people who we can relate to i.e. Western society such as in UK/USA or are part of the Elite e.g. politicians. This shows to some extent we are still in the ‘’first-wave of feminism’’[57] for basic rights. Although issues are discussed, such as the famous Emma Watson United Nations speech, acid attacks victims, specifically against females are still aren’t brought up in any headlines. There’s still not enough being done or any key international foundations created in order to fund the expensive treatment of these victims, and make them feel supported. Despite these scenarios taking place, as well as successful award winning documentary being filmed following up on acid attack victims, disfigured faces aren't shown enough on the news – this is the reality, and documentaries such as ‘Saving Face’ are there to encourage those in the western society to do all they can to help, as well as raise awareness about the suffering that has to be tolerated by hundreds of acid attack victims. However ''With all the attention on celebrity and glamour at the Academy Awards, it's rare that the award for short documentary film gets much notice.''[58] So although there is some available about these issues, including documentary’s and news articles, these articles won’t make the headlines when they take place.
After the documentary had been aired in Pakistan, ‘Rukhsana’ had paired with Acid Survivors Foundation (ASF) and filed a civil suit to ‘’stop airing the movie in Pakistan for the safety of victims.’’ This shows that although the victims had the courage to speak about their experiences, some such as Rukhsana are still afraid of the consequences this bravery will have. Although Rukhsana wants to be an ’independent woman’[37] she can’t be due to her ‘financial circumstances’[38]. Although this is the approach of a Pakistani victim from a small village on self-expression and justice - women in neighbor country India, in Bombay are ‘’making powerful rap videos’’[39] to openly express their views. The ‘’trending Twitter hashtag #rapagainstrape’’[40] had been created after the rap video by 2 girls was created and posted. After gaining ‘’32,000 views on YouTube in 1 day’’[41] the video soon went viral. The two girls, who named themselves the ‘’BomBaebs’’[42] had created this rap to and ‘’stand up against sexual predators and abusers’’[43]. The girls challenged the patriarchal society of India, which is similar to Pakistan and other South Asian countries, they used a ‘’strong call’’[44] to end the rap: ‘Gone are the times we stayed abused and broken’[45]. This shows the ‘Bombaebs’ are challenging the socially and traditionally constructed stereotypes of females being sexualised for the ‘male gaze’ [46] (Mulvey). They are using new and digital media, i.e. ‘Youtube/Twitter’ to gain attention, similarly to how ‘Laura bates’, founder of ‘Everyday Sexism’[47], which ’’is a collection of more than 80,000 women's daily experiences of gender inequality’’[48] set up online. This shows both the Eastern and Western world, are in a ‘’4th wave of feminism’’[49], as ‘new feminists are taking the struggle to the web’’[50]. Ultimately new and digital media is empowering females such as ‘Bombaebs’, victims in ‘Saving Face’ or those from ‘Everyday Feminism’ to be given equal rights and roles as males.
‘Mohammed Jawad’, who was equivalent to the ‘hero’ (Vladimir Prop’s character narrative theory)[51] to help the subjects was shown in a positive way, as he successfully managed to ‘’help repair the damage done to the victims’’[52]. This challenged the original representations of males that were created in this documentary as they were the culprits. A famous plastic surgeon playing a role in the documentary, aided the success of the documentary, and its ability to win the Oscars 2012. This documentary being able to win an Oscar, shows how the media is raising more awareness about issues such as acid attacks victims in LEDCs. However, the amount of awareness currently raised about this issue of acid attacks in specific does not have enough of an effect on the audience in the Western world, as issues aren’t reported as much as they should be, and audiences aren’t given enough of an opportunity to ‘’empathize with victims’’[53]. Increasing empathy will increase the viewership, thus raise more awareness amongst mass audiences, enabling them to aid victims by funding charities such as international charity Project SAAVE, which is in place to help those (male or female), undergone acid attacks. Poor quality news leads to the audience being blinded, from what’s actually happening in the world i.e. acid attacks and violence specifically against females in LEDC’s. Meaning audiences only view news on reality TV such as ‘Keeping Up with the Kardashians’[54], which is regarding celebrities i.e. part of the ‘elite’.
Acid violence impacts mainly ‘’women in southern Punjab and changes the lives of hundreds of women each year"[55], in Pakistan and over the world, in specifically less developed countries. Many women around the world are ‘’not even awarded basic human rights’’[56], it may be difficult to see why the media choose to show us only those people who we can relate to i.e. Western society such as in UK/USA or are part of the Elite e.g. politicians. This shows to some extent we are still in the ‘’first-wave of feminism’’[57] for basic rights. Although issues are discussed, such as the famous Emma Watson United Nations speech, acid attacks victims, specifically against females are still aren’t brought up in any headlines. There’s still not enough being done or any key international foundations created in order to fund the expensive treatment of these victims, and make them feel supported. Despite these scenarios taking place, as well as successful award winning documentary being filmed following up on acid attack victims, disfigured faces aren't shown enough on the news – this is the reality, and documentaries such as ‘Saving Face’ are there to encourage those in the western society to do all they can to help, as well as raise awareness about the suffering that has to be tolerated by hundreds of acid attack victims. However ''With all the attention on celebrity and glamour at the Academy Awards, it's rare that the award for short documentary film gets much notice.''[58] So although there is some available about these issues, including documentary’s and news articles, these articles won’t make the headlines when they take place.
As the victims are mainly female, the lack of awareness being raised via the media could be due to the fact that the attackers tend to be mainly males in most cases. Such as in countries like such as Afghanistan, where girls ‘’have been targeted by acid attackers (a group of men) for attending school. ‘’[59]Such acts mainly being done by males, leaves those of a collective identity that dominate the media i.e. males. Media institutions are predominantly owned by males, for example Rupert Murdoch, who’s the ’’chairman and CEO of News Corporation’’[60] the man who ‘’owns too many newspapers’’[61], is unlikely to represent males in a negative way, as this can affect their overall representation in the media, as well as in society. There is already so much attention being paid in the media about equal rights and ‘feminism’ so any further enforcement on females being disadvantaged around the world, as well as in the western society such as females still earning less than males in ‘’90% of job categories’’[62] in the UK can make this issue of human rights and gender inequality an even bigger issue.
To conclude the media are raising awareness about women’s rights and acid attack victims, however this is only to some extent for those in LEDCs, and not enough is being done to raise awareness about media texts such as ‘Saving Face’. ‘Saving Face’ has won a number of awards, including the ‘’2012 academy award for short documentary’’[63], it has still not lead to huge attention after these awards, the charity project SAAVE and ‘Saving Face’ promote each other (similar to synergy: as there’s mentions of Project SAAVE in ‘Saving Face’ and vice versa). However, this doesn’t mean that the issues covered are promoted enough to raise awareness about them thoroughly.
Words:2,199
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http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/06/asia/pakistan-family-killed-marriage-dispute/
Moving Image
Saving Face – 2012 directed by
Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy & Daniel Junge (Official Documentary)
http://www.bollyspecial.net/saving-face-2012.html
‘’Alain De Bottom on the news’’(Feb2014) from YouTube – published February 2014.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I08u0eKvwUY
http://www.bollyspecial.net/saving-face-2012.html
‘’Alain De Bottom on the news’’(Feb2014) from YouTube – published February 2014.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I08u0eKvwUY
RAP AGAINST RAPE - BomBaebs' - #RapAgainstRape
– Posted March 16th 2015. BomBaebs -
Work
Consulted -
Nichols, Bill. 'Foreword', in Barry Keith Grant and Jeannette Sloniowski Documenting The Documentary: Close Readings of Documentary Film and Video.
Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997
Rubin, Alissa J.; Nordland, Rod (December
10, 2011).Four Afghan Men Held In Acid Attack On Family . ALISSA J. RUBIN and ROD NORDLAND
(The New York Times).2010
CREED,
BARBARA Monstrous-Feminine: Film, Feminism and
Psychoanalysis, The
MACDONALD, MYRA Representing Women
MALIK, SARITA Representing Black Britain: Black and Asian Images On Television~
MACDONALD, MYRA Representing Women
MALIK, SARITA Representing Black Britain: Black and Asian Images On Television~
NOSHEEN, ABBASS BBC Online World News - May 2012
Pakistan acid victims try to block Saving Face film
CLANCY, CHASSAY The Guardian News –
November 2008
AMY, CHARLEWOOD The Media Magazine Issue 40 – April 2012
Baker, James. Clark, Vivienne. &
Lewis, Eileen. (2003). Key Concepts
& Skills for Media Studies. London: Hodder Headline.
Collins, William. (1989). The
Collins Concise dictionary of the English Language. London: Collins.
(Original work published in 1988)
Dyer, Richard. (1993). The matter of images: Essays on representations (1 ed.). New York: Routledge
Kruger, Stephen. Rayner, Phillip. & Wall, Peter. (2004). Media Studies: The essential resource. London: Routledeg
Laughey, Dan. (2009). The Media Studies Guide. Harpenden: Kamera Books
Dyer, Richard. (1993). The matter of images: Essays on representations (1 ed.). New York: Routledge
Kruger, Stephen. Rayner, Phillip. & Wall, Peter. (2004). Media Studies: The essential resource. London: Routledeg
Laughey, Dan. (2009). The Media Studies Guide. Harpenden: Kamera Books
ALAT, ZEYNEP. (2006) Feminist
Media Studies V6 N3.
Perlm, Allison. (2007) Feminist Media Studies V7 N1: New York
Perlm, Allison. (2007) Feminist Media Studies V7 N1: New York
[3] Tom di Castella Aug 2013
[5] Pakistan Observer (2012)
[7] Jawad Mohammad. ‘’The Katie Piper
Foundation’’
http://www.mohammadjawad.com/humanitarian-works/the-katie-piper-foundation
http://www.mohammadjawad.com/humanitarian-works/the-katie-piper-foundation
[9] Omar Farooq Khan. 2014
[10] ‘’United Nations Entity for
Gender Equality, and the Empowerment of Women’’. (2013)
[12] ibid
[17] ibid
[21]
Pamela J Shoemaker ‘’News and newsworthiness: A commentary’’ p. 105 Walter de
Gruyter
[22]
‘’Bangladesh: Acid attacks continue despite new laws’’ Jan 2009
[23] ibid
[24] Galtung, J. & Ruge, M. Holmboe
(1965): The Structure of
Foreign News. The Presentation of the Congo Journal of Peace Research, vol.
2, pp. 64-91
[25] ibid
[26] Benish
Ahmed April 2013
[27] Galtung, J. & Ruge, M. Holmboe (1965): The Structure of Foreign News. The
Presentation of the Congo Journal
of Peace Research, vol. 2, pp. 64-91
[29] ibid
[30] Zahir Shah April 2015 CNN
[32]Search/Define:
Urdu
[33] Saving Face
Official PAGE
[34] Ibid
[36] Maha Atal September2012
[37] Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy & Daniel Junge –
Feb 2012
[38] ibid
[39] Alison
Lynch March 2015
[40] Dileep Thekkethil March 2015
[41] ibid
[42] BomBaes –
March 2015
[43] ibid
[44] Dileep Thekkethil March 2015
[47] The
Guardian April 2014
[48] ibid
[50] ibid
[51] David Herman ‘’Narrative Theory: Core Concepts and Critical Debates(Theory
Interpretation)’’ – p42 2012
[52] Homa Khaleeli -Feb 2012
[53] Alain De Bottom – Feb 2014
[55] Sonya Rehman November 2011
[58] Susan King March 2008
[59] Atia Abawii Jan 2009
[61] Harriet Harman – March 2012
[62] Tom Bawden, Simon Rogers March 2011
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